VLAN

CCNA Certification in Canberra Australia offer five levels of network certification: Entry, Associate, Professional, Expert and Architect, the highest level of accreditation within the Cisco Career Certification program.

VLAN, acronym for virtual LAN (Virtual Local Area Network), is a method for creating independent logical networks within the same physical network. 1 Several VLANs can coexist on a single physical switch or on a single physical network. They are useful for reducing the size of the broadcast domain and aid in network management by separating logical segments from a local area network (e.g. departments of a company) that should not exchange data using the local network (although they might Do it through a router or layer switch 3 and 4).

A VLAN consists of two or more computer networks that behave as if they are connected to the same switch even though they are physically connected to different segments of a local area network (LAN). Network administrators configure VLANs using software instead of hardware, which makes them extremely strong.

Classification 

Although the most common are port-based VLANs (level 1), virtual local area networks can be classified into four types according to the level of the OSI hierarchy in which they operate:

• Level 1 VLAN (per port). Also known as "port switching". It specifies which switch ports belong to the VLAN, the members of that VLAN are those that connect to those ports. It does not allow the mobility of the users, it would have to reconfigure the VLANs if the user moves physically. It is the most common and the one explained in depth in this article.
• Level 2 VLANs by MAC addresses. Hosts are assigned to a VLAN based on their MAC address . It has the advantage that it is not necessary to reconfigure the switching device if the user changes its location, that is, it is connected to another port of that or another device. The main drawback is that if there are hundreds of users you would have to assign the members one by one.
• Level 2 VLANs per protocol type. The VLAN is determined by the content of the protocol type field of the MAC frame. For example, you would associate VLAN 1 to IPv4 protocol, VLAN 2 to IPv6 protocol, VLAN 3 to AppleTalk , VLAN 4 to IPX ...
• Level 3 VLANs per subnet address (virtual subnet). The level 3 header is used to map the VLAN to which it belongs. In this type of VLAN are the packets, not the stations, which belong to the VLAN. Stations with multiple network protocols (level 3) will be in multiple VLANs.
• VLAN of higher levels . A VLAN is created for each application: FTP , multimedia streams, email ... VLAN membership can be based on a combination of factors such as ports, MAC addresses, subnet, time of day, access mode, security

Data center and virtualization

Evolution towards a unified data center architecture

The current data center architecture must support highly mobile employees, a proliferation of devices, data-driven business models, and be able to transparently incorporate cloud applications and services. To meet these diverse demands, Cisco offers the Unified Data Center platform, a unified data center architecture that combines computing, storage, network and management capabilities into a platform designed to automate IT as a service in both physical and virtual environments, Resulting in more efficient use of the budget, a more responsive business response and simpler IT operations.

The Cisco Unified Data Center provides an architectural platform that includes products and solutions in three key areas:

Unified Administration

The unified management component of Cisco's data center architecture relies on automation, organization, and lifecycle management to simplify the deployment and operation of physical, virtual, and cloud-based hardware / deployment infrastructure. Cisco helps IT departments develop a self-service portal and service catalog to provide on-demand IT services quickly to support business initiatives.

Unified structure

The unified structure component of Cisco's data center architecture provides high-performance network capabilities for data and storage to simplify deployment, help ensure a quality experience, and reduce operational costs. Cisco's integrated network services provide high-speed connectivity and availability, increase application performance, and reduce security risks in multiuser environments.

Unified computing

The Cisco Unified Computing System (UCS) supports Cisco's data center architecture through a highly scalable system-level computing solution that integrates computing, network access and storage networks. Built-in management capabilities simplify operations across the physical, virtual, and cloud infrastructure.

Data Center Services

Cisco's intelligent, personalized services and our authorized partners help you get the full value of your data center investment.

Packet switching

Packet switching is a method of sending data in a computer network . A packet is an information group consisting of two parts: the data itself and the control information, which indicates the route to be followed along the network to the destination of the packet. There is an upper limit for packet size; If it is exceeded, it is necessary to divide the package into smaller ones, Ethernet uses frames (frames) of 1500 bytes, while FDDI uses 4500 byte frames.

• The packets form a queue and are transmitted as fast as possible.
• They allow the conversion in the speed of the data.
• The network can continue to accept data even though transmission is slow.
• There is the possibility of managing priorities (if one group of information is more important than the others, it will be transmitted before others).

Techniques 

Two types of techniques have been defined for the use of packet switching: datagrams and virtual circuits.

Data grams

• The Internet is a network of large datagrams.
• In Internet there are 2 trends: connection oriented and not connection oriented.
• In the connection-oriented case, the protocol used for transport is TCP .
• In the non-connection-oriented case, the protocol used for transport is UDP .
• TCP ensures that all data arrives correctly and in order.
• UDP has no warranty.
• Not all packages follow the same route.
• A packet can be destroyed on the way, whose recovery is the responsibility of the originating station (this implies that all other packets are intact).

Virtual circuit-based packet switching 

See also: Multiplexing and Virtual Circuit .

• Its operation is based on both message switching and circuit switching . However, in virtual circuits, the route is not dedicated to the sender and receiver as in classical circuit switching, but rather that the medium (including each single link between two adjacent nodes) is shared for the transmission and reception of packets from different transmitters and receivers, in a manner analogous to what happens in message switching.
• Before establishing communication between sender and receiver, a fixed (not permanent) route must be established for all packets of this one, unlike packet switching based on datagrams, where each fragment is sent through the available route Faster for each hop between each node and the next, which is determined based on parameters such as the state and load of the network at that time, or more specific specific factors (for example, a priority index contained in the header A datagram, or the priority of one or the other route in link state dynamic routing protocols ).
• Each packet contains a virtual circuit identifier, in addition to the source and destination address, throughout the communication. Omitting thus the encapsulation of the direction of next hop in each node of the route through which passes.

Expression Design

Expression Design (formerly called Expression Graphic Designer , codenamed Acrylic) is a tool developed by Microsoft , for creative professionals and developers who want to create graphs for their application in user interfaces , the web , or any other medium, offering Powerful functions that will help express creativity.

Versions 

Expression Design 

Expression Design is an illustration and professional graphic design tool with which you can create fascinating graphical elements for user interfaces in web and desktop applications.

Features 

Expression Design is a powerful tool for both the developer and the designer, allowing you to create amazing vector graphics using simple design tools, allowing you to work on graphics and crafts without any problems, adding effects and making layers; A tool that besides being powerful stands out for its simplicity.

Expression Design 2 

Expression Design 2 is the perfect companion for Expression Blend 2 leverages your existing artwork, or the intuitive and flexible use of drawing tools to quickly create sophisticated, attractive vector, through asset transfer to your xaml with Expression Blend 2 Develop projects that every designer or programmer has wanted.

News 

Expression Design 2, will offer you significant new enhancements:

• Easily create and export with slices, now allows you to create and export sections of your document (or slices) in a wide range of file formats, you can now export the title in your user interface as a mockup , png , or Xaml , with the latter you can export your slices to xaml in various file formats besides being able to decide the amount of slices to be exported, either in a single file or in separate files of the same format.

• Resize bitmaps while exporting, you can now export the images to a media of specified size, this capability is useful when exporting the vector images to a specific size icon.

• Better interoperability between programs is developed to work closely with Expression Studio 2 programs , when exporting a xaml file to Expression Blend 2 , it is automatically restructured to the program.

• Open the Adobe Illustrator files and work with them.

• You can show or hide different objects in the Layers palette, and you can lock and unlock different objects.

• Keep the pixel resolution of the imported bitmap files.

Quick Note CCENT Version 5.0

As many already know, in the month of March a new CCNA R & S certification exam replaced its predecessor, the CCNA 640-802 exam.

Along with this update, Cisco introduced important modifications to the certification system, giving a new relevance to the CCENT certification, which is now a gateway to an important group of certification paths. I suggest at this point to review the post “Notes to define a career Cisco ".

As in other cases, an essential tool for those who prepare their exams are study manuals. For this reason

Cisco Certification in Canberra Australia decided to publish a new manual of the CCNA Library which is this Quick Note CCENT version 5.0.

If what you're needing is a version of my old Fast Note CCNA, or your later "CCNA Quick Note" but suitable for the ICND1 100-101 certification exam; Or if you are preparing your 100-101 certification exam and you need a study resource that helps you review and quickly consult study information; And most importantly, if you need updated study material to prepare your exam, what you need is this new version of Quick Note.

The series of publications that I titled "Quick Note" is a set of manuals that develop in synthetic form the whole agenda of the certification examination.

It contains all the contents necessary to complete the preparation of the certification exam ICND1 100-101.

If you are an Academy or Learning Partner student, it is possible that this manual will suffice and at the time of study you use the official materials you received during your course to clarify doubts or look for necessary references.

For those who study for themselves (self-study), this manual serves as a basic reference and should complement it with personal research.

Does not include pedagogical tools specific to a Test Preparation Guide, such as concept maps, summaries, notes, questionnaires, exercise attachments, etc.